The U.S. Factor in Pakistan-Iran Relations: Constraints and Policy Responses (2008-2026)
Keywords:
Pakistan-Iran Relations, U.S. Sanctions, Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline, JCPOAAbstract
Pakistan-Iran relations are influenced by multiple external factors as well as an intricate regional landscape so their bilateral ties cannot be assessed in isolation. This present study examines the United States’ (U.S.) influence on the bilateral relations of Pakistan and Iran between 2008 and 2026 through critical junctures and developments. It further discusses the policy responses of Pakistan towards the U.S. policies while also trying to maintain relations with Tehran. The study adopts Neo-realism to explore the interaction between Islamabad and Tehran in the light of the U.S. as a key external factor which has constrained their engagements through various policies, such as their security involvement in the region and economic sanctions. Through qualitative analysis of the current scholarship, the study has identified that the influence of the U.S. on security cooperation remained indirect while its influence is more direct in the economic and diplomatic realms. In this context, Pakistan’s reactions are evidence of cautious adjustment; on the one hand, maintaining relations with the U.S., and on the other, avoiding disagreements with Iran. Thus, this study contends that in the period from 2008-2026, relations between Pakistan and Iran would be better understood in terms of results produced by diverse US policy approaches alongside other elements within the larger regional environment, rather than entirely bilateral delicacies.
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